• Pi 4 metal top of processor

    From Folderol@3:770/3 to All on Fri Jul 2 22:23:00 2021
    Does anyone know if this is *fully* isolated from the gubbins?
    Measurements with an ordinary digital meter suggests that it is, but I'd like to be sure.

    The unit I'm developing has a grounded diecast alloy case and I'd like to use this as a heatsink, ideally with a small strip of copper in direct contact with both, and just a smear of heatsink compound.

    --
    W J G
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  • From A. Dumas@3:770/3 to Folderol on Sat Jul 3 11:15:05 2021
    On 02-07-2021 23:23, Folderol wrote:
    Does anyone know if this is *fully* isolated from the gubbins?
    Measurements with an ordinary digital meter suggests that it is, but I'd like to be sure.

    The unit I'm developing has a grounded diecast alloy case and I'd like to use this as a heatsink, ideally with a small strip of copper in direct contact with
    both, and just a smear of heatsink compound.

    It's a heat spreader, not connected to the internals electrically (of
    course?). What you plan to do is what all the alloy cases do that act as heatsinks; you'll be safe. Hardest part will be to get the distance just
    right: not too close or you'll bend the board and the connections, not
    too far or it won't transfer heat.

    Ref.:
    https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/raspberry-pi-3-model-bplus-sale-now-35/
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  • From Folderol@3:770/3 to A. Dumas on Sat Jul 3 13:04:05 2021
    On Sat, 3 Jul 2021 11:15:05 +0200
    "A. Dumas" <alexandre@dumas.fr.invalid> wrote:

    On 02-07-2021 23:23, Folderol wrote:
    Does anyone know if this is *fully* isolated from the gubbins?
    Measurements with an ordinary digital meter suggests that it is, but I'd like
    to be sure.

    The unit I'm developing has a grounded diecast alloy case and I'd like to use
    this as a heatsink, ideally with a small strip of copper in direct contact with
    both, and just a smear of heatsink compound.

    It's a heat spreader, not connected to the internals electrically (of >course?). What you plan to do is what all the alloy cases do that act as >heatsinks; you'll be safe. Hardest part will be to get the distance just >right: not too close or you'll bend the board and the connections, not
    too far or it won't transfer heat.

    Thanks for the confirmation. I was pretty sure that was the case.
    My intention is to mount the Pi upside down with long bolts and springs
    pushing it down (it will be fully enclosed) so that should keep everything safe.

    --
    W J G
    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From A. Dumas@3:770/3 to Folderol on Sat Jul 3 14:42:09 2021
    Folderol <general@musically.me.uk> wrote:
    Thanks for the confirmation. I was pretty sure that was the case.
    My intention is to mount the Pi upside down with long bolts and springs pushing it down (it will be fully enclosed) so that should keep everything safe.

    Make sure to have a close look at all the Pi 4 thermal images you can find.
    The SoC is a good contact point but there are a few others that get hot,
    too. If you don't connect to those and keep the board upside down, you
    might trap the heat.

    Also, I'd be wary of using springs because they will probably bend the
    board. That might damage the traces and all those minuscule solder points. Maybe not a problem if they're very slack.
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  • From The Natural Philosopher@3:770/3 to Folderol on Sat Jul 3 13:29:55 2021
    On 03/07/2021 13:04, Folderol wrote:
    On Sat, 3 Jul 2021 11:15:05 +0200
    "A. Dumas" <alexandre@dumas.fr.invalid> wrote:

    On 02-07-2021 23:23, Folderol wrote:
    Does anyone know if this is *fully* isolated from the gubbins?
    Measurements with an ordinary digital meter suggests that it is, but I'd like
    to be sure.

    The unit I'm developing has a grounded diecast alloy case and I'd like to use
    this as a heatsink, ideally with a small strip of copper in direct contact with
    both, and just a smear of heatsink compound.

    It's a heat spreader, not connected to the internals electrically (of
    course?). What you plan to do is what all the alloy cases do that act as
    heatsinks; you'll be safe. Hardest part will be to get the distance just
    right: not too close or you'll bend the board and the connections, not
    too far or it won't transfer heat.

    Thanks for the confirmation. I was pretty sure that was the case.
    My intention is to mount the Pi upside down with long bolts and springs pushing it down (it will be fully enclosed) so that should keep everything safe.

    smear of heatsink compound will help as well

    <https://www.amazon.co.uk/Arctic-Silver-Thermal-Compound-3-5g/dp/B0087X728K/ref=dp_prsubs_1?pd_rd_i=B0087X728K&psc=1>
    --
    “Progress is precisely that which rules and regulations did not foresee,”

    – Ludwig von Mises
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  • From Joe@3:770/3 to A. Dumas on Sat Jul 3 13:31:53 2021
    On Sat, 3 Jul 2021 11:15:05 +0200
    "A. Dumas" <alexandre@dumas.fr.invalid> wrote:

    On 02-07-2021 23:23, Folderol wrote:
    Does anyone know if this is *fully* isolated from the gubbins?
    Measurements with an ordinary digital meter suggests that it is,
    but I'd like to be sure.

    The unit I'm developing has a grounded diecast alloy case and I'd
    like to use this as a heatsink, ideally with a small strip of
    copper in direct contact with both, and just a smear of heatsink
    compound.

    It's a heat spreader, not connected to the internals electrically (of course?). What you plan to do is what all the alloy cases do that act
    as heatsinks; you'll be safe. Hardest part will be to get the
    distance just right: not too close or you'll bend the board and the connections, not too far or it won't transfer heat.

    Ref.: https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/raspberry-pi-3-model-bplus-sale-now-35/

    There are various flexible thermally conductive materials, such as:

    https://uk.farnell.com/w/c/cooling-thermal-management/thermal-interface-materials/thermally-conductive-materials?conductive-material=silicone|silicone-elastomer&sort=P_PRICE

    --
    Joe
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  • From Folderol@3:770/3 to A. Dumas on Sat Jul 3 22:00:49 2021
    On Sat, 03 Jul 2021 14:42:09 +0200
    A. Dumas <alexandre@dumas.fr.invalid> wrote:
    The SoC is a good contact point but there are a few others that get hot,
    too. If you don't connect to those and keep the board upside down, you
    might trap the heat.

    Good point! Thanks.

    --
    W J G
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  • From The Natural Philosopher@3:770/3 to Folderol on Sun Jul 4 08:41:30 2021
    On 03/07/2021 22:00, Folderol wrote:
    On Sat, 03 Jul 2021 14:42:09 +0200
    A. Dumas <alexandre@dumas.fr.invalid> wrote:
    The SoC is a good contact point but there are a few others that get hot,
    too. If you don't connect to those and keep the board upside down, you
    might trap the heat.

    Good point! Thanks.

    Ventilation is important: I once designed a small audio equaliser in a
    sealed 19" rack case - it was only about 15 watts total draw, but after
    5 hours continuous usage it packed up - inside temperatures rose to over 100°C!

    WE drilled a few holes in the case and that fixed it.

    Airflow is better than transmission through even metal cases. The
    problem is that with no air movement the air inside becomes an effective thermal insulator.

    Furthermore *forced* air cooling can multiply heat loss by up to a 5
    times or more.


    --
    “The urge to save humanity is almost always only a false face for the
    urge to rule it.”
    – H. L. Mencken
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  • From David Taylor@3:770/3 to Folderol on Sun Jul 4 08:53:49 2021
    On 02/07/2021 22:23, Folderol wrote:

    Does anyone know if this is *fully* isolated from the gubbins?
    Measurements with an ordinary digital meter suggests that it is, but I'd like to be sure.

    The unit I'm developing has a grounded diecast alloy case and I'd like to use this as a heatsink, ideally with a small strip of copper in direct contact with
    both, and just a smear of heatsink compound.

    Would the RPi-400 be relevant in your usage?

    --
    Cheers,
    David
    Web: http://www.satsignal.eu
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  • From Folderol@3:770/3 to David Taylor on Sun Jul 4 11:57:52 2021
    On Sun, 4 Jul 2021 08:53:49 +0100
    David Taylor <david-taylor@blueyonder.co.uk.invalid> wrote:

    On 02/07/2021 22:23, Folderol wrote:

    Does anyone know if this is *fully* isolated from the gubbins?
    Measurements with an ordinary digital meter suggests that it is, but I'd like
    to be sure.

    The unit I'm developing has a grounded diecast alloy case and I'd like to use
    this as a heatsink, ideally with a small strip of copper in direct contact with
    both, and just a smear of heatsink compound.

    Would the RPi-400 be relevant in your usage?

    No. I looked at it and immediately rejected it - it's just completely wrong.

    --
    W J G
    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From Folderol@3:770/3 to The Natural Philosopher on Sun Jul 4 11:55:29 2021
    On Sun, 4 Jul 2021 08:41:30 +0100
    The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> wrote:

    On 03/07/2021 22:00, Folderol wrote:
    On Sat, 03 Jul 2021 14:42:09 +0200
    A. Dumas <alexandre@dumas.fr.invalid> wrote:
    The SoC is a good contact point but there are a few others that get hot, >>> too. If you don't connect to those and keep the board upside down, you
    might trap the heat.

    Good point! Thanks.

    Ventilation is important: I once designed a small audio equaliser in a >sealed 19" rack case - it was only about 15 watts total draw, but after
    5 hours continuous usage it packed up - inside temperatures rose to over >100°C!

    WE drilled a few holes in the case and that fixed it.

    Airflow is better than transmission through even metal cases. The
    problem is that with no air movement the air inside becomes an effective >thermal insulator.

    Furthermore *forced* air cooling can multiply heat loss by up to a 5
    times or more.

    Indeed. I been reading up on all the reports various people have made, and
    come to the conclusion I was heading down the wrong path - note past tense :)

    It now looks I'll get best results with normal mounting, a finned heatsink stuck on top with a 30mm fan placed alongside so it blows through the fins.

    I want to avoid external ventilation as there is mains inside, so there would need to be all sorts of additional protection barriers to deal with small hands and/or brains!

    --
    W J G
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  • From Folderol@3:770/3 to Martin Gregorie on Sun Jul 4 13:59:45 2021
    On Sun, 4 Jul 2021 12:27:31 -0000 (UTC)
    Martin Gregorie <martin@mydomain.invalid> wrote:

    On Sun, 04 Jul 2021 08:41:30 +0100, The Natural Philosopher wrote:

    On 03/07/2021 22:00, Folderol wrote:
    On Sat, 03 Jul 2021 14:42:09 +0200 A. Dumas
    <alexandre@dumas.fr.invalid> wrote:
    The SoC is a good contact point but there are a few others that get
    hot,
    too. If you don't connect to those and keep the board upside down, you >>>> might trap the heat.

    Good point! Thanks.

    Ventilation is important: I once designed a small audio equaliser in a
    sealed 19" rack case - it was only about 15 watts total draw, but after
    5 hours continuous usage it packed up - inside temperatures rose to over
    100°C!

    WE drilled a few holes in the case and that fixed it.

    Airflow is better than transmission through even metal cases. The
    problem is that with no air movement the air inside becomes an effective
    thermal insulator.

    Furthermore *forced* air cooling can multiply heat loss by up to a 5
    times or more.

    Have you any comparable figures for passive 'chimney effect' cooling,
    i.e. use a metal contact heat sink on the chip(s) but fit, say, a 50mm x >400mm cardboard or plastic tube rather than a fan on the enclosure. A >benefit is that chimney effect is quiet and can't go wrong (unless you
    count dead moths etc accumlating inside it, but I'm curious how effective
    it would be compared with a fan.

    Chimney heat pipes do work, I know from my TV servicing days. However, the unit can be used upside down, or even on one edge so that's not really an option!

    I'll get a fan, and try it first with no heatsink, and blowing across the
    top of the Pi. If that's cools it enough, then I won't bother to go further.

    As it stands, the absolute hottest I've managed to get it when fully loaded up was 74C, so even that is usable, though obviously it's not a good idea!

    --
    W J G
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  • From Martin Gregorie@3:770/3 to The Natural Philosopher on Sun Jul 4 12:27:31 2021
    On Sun, 04 Jul 2021 08:41:30 +0100, The Natural Philosopher wrote:

    On 03/07/2021 22:00, Folderol wrote:
    On Sat, 03 Jul 2021 14:42:09 +0200 A. Dumas
    <alexandre@dumas.fr.invalid> wrote:
    The SoC is a good contact point but there are a few others that get
    hot,
    too. If you don't connect to those and keep the board upside down, you
    might trap the heat.

    Good point! Thanks.

    Ventilation is important: I once designed a small audio equaliser in a
    sealed 19" rack case - it was only about 15 watts total draw, but after
    5 hours continuous usage it packed up - inside temperatures rose to over 100°C!

    WE drilled a few holes in the case and that fixed it.

    Airflow is better than transmission through even metal cases. The
    problem is that with no air movement the air inside becomes an effective thermal insulator.

    Furthermore *forced* air cooling can multiply heat loss by up to a 5
    times or more.

    Have you any comparable figures for passive 'chimney effect' cooling,
    i.e. use a metal contact heat sink on the chip(s) but fit, say, a 50mm x
    400mm cardboard or plastic tube rather than a fan on the enclosure. A
    benefit is that chimney effect is quiet and can't go wrong (unless you
    count dead moths etc accumlating inside it, but I'm curious how effective
    it would be compared with a fan.


    --
    Martin | martin at
    Gregorie | gregorie dot org
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  • From The Natural Philosopher@3:770/3 to Martin Gregorie on Sun Jul 4 15:54:57 2021
    On 04/07/2021 13:27, Martin Gregorie wrote:
    On Sun, 04 Jul 2021 08:41:30 +0100, The Natural Philosopher wrote:

    On 03/07/2021 22:00, Folderol wrote:
    On Sat, 03 Jul 2021 14:42:09 +0200 A. Dumas
    <alexandre@dumas.fr.invalid> wrote:
    The SoC is a good contact point but there are a few others that get
    hot,
    too. If you don't connect to those and keep the board upside down, you >>>> might trap the heat.

    Good point! Thanks.

    Ventilation is important: I once designed a small audio equaliser in a
    sealed 19" rack case - it was only about 15 watts total draw, but after
    5 hours continuous usage it packed up - inside temperatures rose to over
    100°C!

    WE drilled a few holes in the case and that fixed it.

    Airflow is better than transmission through even metal cases. The
    problem is that with no air movement the air inside becomes an effective
    thermal insulator.

    Furthermore *forced* air cooling can multiply heat loss by up to a 5
    times or more.

    Have you any comparable figures for passive 'chimney effect' cooling,
    i.e. use a metal contact heat sink on the chip(s) but fit, say, a 50mm x 400mm cardboard or plastic tube rather than a fan on the enclosure. A
    benefit is that chimney effect is quiet and can't go wrong (unless you
    count dead moths etc accumlating inside it, but I'm curious how effective
    it would be compared with a fan.


    Not very, or we wouldn't use fans ;-)


    --
    No Apple devices were knowingly used in the preparation of this post.
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  • From Deloptes@3:770/3 to The Natural Philosopher on Sun Jul 4 17:25:25 2021
    The Natural Philosopher wrote:

    Have you any comparable figures for passive 'chimney effect' cooling,
    i.e. use a metal contact heat sink on the chip(s) but fit, say, a 50mm x
    400mm cardboard or plastic tube rather than a fan on the enclosure. A
    benefit is that chimney effect is quiet and can't go wrong (unless you
    count dead moths etc accumlating inside it, but I'm curious how effective
    it would be compared with a fan.


    Not very, or we wouldn't use fans ;-)

    may be in a server room where there is natural air flow caused by
    ventilation - but the fan multiplies the cooling factor for sure
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  • From Ahem A Rivet's Shot@3:770/3 to The Natural Philosopher on Sun Jul 4 19:41:11 2021
    On Sun, 4 Jul 2021 15:54:57 +0100
    The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> wrote:

    On 04/07/2021 13:27, Martin Gregorie wrote:

    Have you any comparable figures for passive 'chimney effect' cooling,
    i.e. use a metal contact heat sink on the chip(s) but fit, say, a 50mm x 400mm cardboard or plastic tube rather than a fan on the enclosure. A benefit is that chimney effect is quiet and can't go wrong (unless you count dead moths etc accumlating inside it, but I'm curious how
    effective it would be compared with a fan.


    Not very, or we wouldn't use fans ;-)

    You can always move more air with a fan, but sometimes a chimney
    moves enough and when it does it is quieter, more reliable and larger than
    a fan.

    --
    Steve O'Hara-Smith | Directable Mirror Arrays C:\>WIN | A better way to focus the sun
    The computer obeys and wins. | licences available see
    You lose and Bill collects. | http://www.sohara.org/
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  • From NY@3:770/3 to The Natural Philosopher on Sun Jul 4 21:53:53 2021
    "The Natural Philosopher" <tnp@invalid.invalid> wrote in message news:sbronb$p04$1@dont-email.me...
    On 03/07/2021 22:00, Folderol wrote:
    On Sat, 03 Jul 2021 14:42:09 +0200
    A. Dumas <alexandre@dumas.fr.invalid> wrote:
    The SoC is a good contact point but there are a few others that get hot, >>> too. If you don't connect to those and keep the board upside down, you
    might trap the heat.

    Good point! Thanks.

    Ventilation is important: I once designed a small audio equaliser in a
    sealed 19" rack case - it was only about 15 watts total draw, but after 5 hours continuous usage it packed up - inside temperatures rose to over 100°C!

    WE drilled a few holes in the case and that fixed it.

    Airflow is better than transmission through even metal cases. The problem
    is that with no air movement the air inside becomes an effective thermal insulator.

    Furthermore *forced* air cooling can multiply heat loss by up to a 5
    times or more.

    My Pi4 is on 24/7 because I use it as a PVR for recording TV programmes. The recordings are written to an external USB HDD (ie not to the SD card "system disc"). The Pi reports a CPU temperature of around 60 deg C which I
    understand is within safe limits. The Pi is in a standard plastic case (as
    sold by Raspberry Pi Foundation) with no fan; the case feels warm but not
    hot to the touch. The Pi (plus a Pi 3 for logging data from a weather
    station) and the external HDD are kept in a small cupboard of a TV cabinet, which only has a hole cut in the back to take cables. The temperature inside the TV cabinet is about 27 deg C - so a little warmer than normal room temperature.

    One thing I noticed about the Pi4 compared with the Pi3 is that its CPU temperature remains a lot more constant; the Pi3's CPU is normally about 40
    deg C but rises to about 80 deg C as soon as I run Firefox (so I don't run
    FF on it - partly because of the temperature rise and partly because it runs like a wounded snail on the Pi3).
    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From A. Dumas@3:770/3 to me@privacy.invalid on Sun Jul 4 23:33:19 2021
    NY <me@privacy.invalid> wrote:
    The Pi reports a CPU temperature of around 60 deg C which I
    understand is within safe limits.

    Easily!

    The Pi is in a standard plastic case (as
    sold by Raspberry Pi Foundation) with no fan;

    Still, if you want it lower than 60, get just about *any* other case. Those "official" cases are the worst. Do not get the fan for that case because reviews say it whines loudly. These are good & fairly cheap https://shop.pimoroni.com/products/aluminium-heatsink-case-for-raspberry-pi-4?variant=29430673178707
    (also at lots of other vendors). I have one for an always on Pi 4 which is about 45-48 C.
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  • From A. Dumas@3:770/3 to A. Dumas on Sun Jul 4 23:49:59 2021
    A. Dumas <alexandre@dumas.fr.invalid> wrote:
    about 45-48 C.

    To be clear: at idle.
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  • From Martin Gregorie@3:770/3 to Ahem A Rivet's Shot on Sun Jul 4 22:41:11 2021
    On Sun, 04 Jul 2021 19:41:11 +0100, Ahem A Rivet's Shot wrote:

    On Sun, 4 Jul 2021 15:54:57 +0100 The Natural Philosopher <tnp@invalid.invalid> wrote:

    On 04/07/2021 13:27, Martin Gregorie wrote:

    Have you any comparable figures for passive 'chimney effect' cooling,
    i.e. use a metal contact heat sink on the chip(s) but fit, say, a
    50mm x 400mm cardboard or plastic tube rather than a fan on the
    enclosure. A benefit is that chimney effect is quiet and can't go
    wrong (unless you count dead moths etc accumlating inside it, but I'm
    curious how effective it would be compared with a fan.


    Not very, or we wouldn't use fans ;-)

    You can always move more air with a fan, but sometimes a chimney
    moves enough and when it does it is quieter, more reliable and larger
    than a fan.

    Yep, pretty much what I've understood, but I was hoping that somebody
    would have numbers to quantify the difference between fan and chimney
    cooling.

    FWIW the only Pi I'm currently running continuously is an old 512MB Pi
    2B, mounted with PCB on its side in a hexagonal Salzburger Mozartkugeln transparent plastic box with its lid on to keep dust out. The box is warm
    to the touch, but the Pi isn't showing any temperature or other problems
    after several years of operation.


    --
    Martin | martin at
    Gregorie | gregorie dot org
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  • From Folderol@3:770/3 to me@privacy.invalid on Mon Jul 5 10:59:19 2021
    On Sun, 4 Jul 2021 21:53:53 +0100
    "NY" <me@privacy.invalid> wrote:

    "The Natural Philosopher" <tnp@invalid.invalid> wrote in message >news:sbronb$p04$1@dont-email.me...
    On 03/07/2021 22:00, Folderol wrote:
    On Sat, 03 Jul 2021 14:42:09 +0200
    A. Dumas <alexandre@dumas.fr.invalid> wrote:
    The SoC is a good contact point but there are a few others that get hot, >>>> too. If you don't connect to those and keep the board upside down, you >>>> might trap the heat.

    Good point! Thanks.

    Ventilation is important: I once designed a small audio equaliser in a
    sealed 19" rack case - it was only about 15 watts total draw, but after 5 >> hours continuous usage it packed up - inside temperatures rose to over
    100°C!

    WE drilled a few holes in the case and that fixed it.

    Airflow is better than transmission through even metal cases. The problem >> is that with no air movement the air inside becomes an effective thermal
    insulator.

    Furthermore *forced* air cooling can multiply heat loss by up to a 5
    times or more.

    My Pi4 is on 24/7 because I use it as a PVR for recording TV programmes. The >recordings are written to an external USB HDD (ie not to the SD card "system >disc"). The Pi reports a CPU temperature of around 60 deg C which I >understand is within safe limits. The Pi is in a standard plastic case (as >sold by Raspberry Pi Foundation) with no fan; the case feels warm but not >hot to the touch. The Pi (plus a Pi 3 for logging data from a weather >station) and the external HDD are kept in a small cupboard of a TV cabinet, >which only has a hole cut in the back to take cables. The temperature inside >the TV cabinet is about 27 deg C - so a little warmer than normal room >temperature.

    One thing I noticed about the Pi4 compared with the Pi3 is that its CPU >temperature remains a lot more constant; the Pi3's CPU is normally about 40 >deg C but rises to about 80 deg C as soon as I run Firefox (so I don't run >FF on it - partly because of the temperature rise and partly because it runs >like a wounded snail on the Pi3).


    All very interesting info folks.

    Some numbers here, all deg C:
    Ambient temp. 22
    Pretty much idle for 2 hours 60
    Moderate load for further 30min 68
    Max load for further 15 min 73

    This in the enclosed metal box, with no other treatment.

    What I'll try first is a 12V 30mm fan running at 7V blowing across the Pi
    This will be in about a weeks time as I'll off to the new Forest Folk Festival on Wednesday :))

    I'm not after arctic conditions - apart from anything else, cool the surface too much and you get into the thermal stress realms.

    --
    W J G
    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From Ahem A Rivet's Shot@3:770/3 to Martin Gregorie on Mon Jul 5 11:14:43 2021
    On Sun, 4 Jul 2021 22:41:11 -0000 (UTC)
    Martin Gregorie <martin@mydomain.invalid> wrote:

    On Sun, 04 Jul 2021 19:41:11 +0100, Ahem A Rivet's Shot wrote:

    You can always move more air with a fan, but sometimes a chimney
    moves enough and when it does it is quieter, more reliable and larger
    than a fan.

    Yep, pretty much what I've understood, but I was hoping that somebody
    would have numbers to quantify the difference between fan and chimney cooling.

    Really hard to do - fans are easy(ish) you can rate their flow in
    free air, max static pressure and measure the noise and pretty much compare them from that. Chimneys are quite sensitive to design and conditions - a
    bit like the transfer ports of a two-stroke engine - a small change in
    geometry can make a large difference to the airflow.

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  • From Martin Gregorie@3:770/3 to Ahem A Rivet's Shot on Mon Jul 5 12:46:24 2021
    On Mon, 05 Jul 2021 11:14:43 +0100, Ahem A Rivet's Shot wrote:


    Really hard to do - fans are easy(ish) you can rate their flow in
    free air, max static pressure and measure the noise and pretty much
    compare them from that. Chimneys are quite sensitive to design and
    conditions - a bit like the transfer ports of a two-stroke engine - a
    small change in geometry can make a large difference to the airflow.

    Good example: compare output from, say, Shuriken 06, AD06 and Cyclon 06 -
    all running on 25% nitro and with the same 7x3.5 prop!


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    Gregorie | gregorie dot org
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